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The paper reviews the basis for the use of various popular exchange rate indicators by tracing their conceptual development, the links between these indicators, and how they are measured in actual practice. It also considers the difficulties often encountered in attempting to obtain empirical counterparts to the various concepts and the limitations on the use of indicators likely to arise therefrom. The paper illustrates the behavior of various exchange rate indicators using data for Colombia and Kenya. This is a Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment and the author(s) would welcome any comments on the present text. Citations should refer to a Paper on Policy Analysis and Assessment of the International Monetary Fund, mentioning the author(s) and the date of issuance. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the Fund.
Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Exchange rates --- Real effective exchange rates --- Purchasing power parity --- Price indexes --- Consumer price indexes --- Exchange rate adjustments --- Colombia
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Comptabilite nationale --- Tableaux input-output --- Normes --- AA / International- internationaal --- 339.0 --- National income --- -Income --- -339.32 --- Family income --- Fortunes --- Household income --- Personal income --- Economics --- Finance --- Property --- Wealth --- Gross national product --- Profit --- Purchasing power --- Net national product --- Flow of funds --- Income --- Algemeenheden. Nationale rekeningen. --- Accounting --- Statistics --- Algemeenheden. Nationale rekeningen --- Comptabilite nationale - Normes --- Tableaux input-output - Normes --- -Accounting
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Transfer payments. --- Income --- Transfer payments --- Household surveys --- Social surveys --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Statistical services --- Evaluation --- Methodology --- Evaluation. --- Community surveys --- Surveys, Social --- Surveys, Household --- Government transfer payments --- Payments, Transfer --- Family income --- Fortunes --- Household income --- Personal income --- Social sciences --- Surveys --- Census --- Expenditures, Public --- Income distribution --- National income --- Economics --- Finance --- Property --- Wealth --- Gross national product --- Profit --- Purchasing power --- Research --- Accounting
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Cost and standard of living --- Comfort, Standard of --- Cost of living --- Food, Cost of --- Household expenses --- Living, Cost of --- Living, Standard of --- Standard of living --- Consumption (Economics) --- Home economics --- Households --- Quality of life --- Wealth --- Luxury --- Prices --- Purchasing power --- Wages --- Surveys --- Social geography --- Economic geography
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History of the Netherlands --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1300-1399 --- Zeeland (Prov.) --- Nobility --- Income --- Economic conditions. --- History. --- Netherlands --- -Nobility --- -949.2.01 --- Noble class --- Noble families --- Nobles (Social class) --- Peerage --- Upper class --- Aristocracy (Social class) --- Titles of honor and nobility --- Family income --- Fortunes --- Household income --- Personal income --- Economics --- Finance --- Property --- Wealth --- Gross national product --- Profit --- Purchasing power --- History --- Economic conditions --- Geschiedenis van Nederland:--(tot 1477) --- #A9310H --- 949.2.01 Geschiedenis van Nederland:--(tot 1477) --- 949.2.01
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The effects of taxation on the general price level have traditionally been regarded as reflecting monetary policy, rather than fiscal factors. This view abstracted from the possible endogeneity of monetary expansion with respect to tax hikes, and from the effects which taxation may have on the reserve price of entrepreneurial labor. An analysis of Purchasing Power Parity data for 51 countries from stage IV of the ICP project supports the hypothesis that domestic indirect taxes tend to raise the general price level. In contrast to the accepted view, other prices do not seem to decline to offset the effect of such taxes on the price of tradables. The paper also presents some new evidence on the other factors which cause national price levels to diverge from PPP.
Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Taxation --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Taxation and Subsidies: Incidence --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- Public finance & taxation --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Income --- Purchasing power parity --- Tax incidence --- Consumption taxes --- Income and capital gains taxes --- National accounts --- Tax policy --- Taxes --- Tax administration and procedure --- Spendings tax --- Income tax --- United States
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Households --- Income distribution --- Ménages (Statistique) --- Revenus --- Economic aspects --- Resource allocation --- Aspect économique --- Répartition --- Affectation des ressources --- Income --- Cross-cultural studies. --- -Resource allocation --- -Allocation of resources --- Resources allocation --- Economics --- Management --- Operations research --- Organization --- Planning --- Feasibility studies --- Family income --- Fortunes --- Household income --- Personal income --- Finance --- Property --- Wealth --- Gross national product --- Profit --- Purchasing power --- Population --- Families --- Home economics --- -Cross-cultural studies. --- Cross-cultural studies --- -Economic aspects --- Ménages (Statistique) --- Aspect économique --- Répartition --- Allocation of resources --- Economic aspects&delete& --- Households - Economic aspects - Cross-cultural studies. --- Income - Cross-cultural studies. --- Resource allocation - Cross-cultural studies. --- Revenus agricoles --- Sociologie rurale
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Social policy --- Social security law --- Netherlands --- basisinkomen --- sociale zekerheid --- arbeidsethiek --- Nederland --- Basic needs --- -Income --- -#SBIB:316.8H00 --- #SBIB:316.8H40 --- #SBIB:014.GIFTSOC --- 331.215 <492> --- 364.02 <492> --- #A9312A --- NL / Netherlands - Nederland - Pays Bas --- 339.325.1 --- 313 --- 332.224 --- 361 --- 202 --- Family income --- Fortunes --- Household income --- Personal income --- Economics --- Finance --- Property --- Wealth --- Gross national product --- Profit --- Purchasing power --- Necessities of life --- Needs, Basic --- Poverty --- Quality of life --- Social rights --- 339 --- 368 --- 331 --- 492 --- Sociaal beleid: algemeen --- Sociaal beleid: social policy, sociale zekerheid, verzorgingsstaat --- Evolutie van de consumptie. Budget van de huishoudens. --- Levenswijze en levensstandaard. Levensminimum. sociale indicatoren (Studiën). --- Minimumlonen. --- Openbare onderstand en weldadigheid. Menslievendheid. Sociaal hulpbetoon. --- Sociale organisatie. --- Income --- #SBIB:316.8H00 --- Sociale organisatie --- Levenswijze en levensstandaard. Levensminimum. sociale indicatoren (Studiën) --- Minimumlonen --- Evolutie van de consumptie. Budget van de huishoudens --- Openbare onderstand en weldadigheid. Menslievendheid. Sociaal hulpbetoon --- Social ecology --- Economic rights
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#SBIB:314H270 --- #SBIB:314H231 --- Women --- Birth weight --- Cost and standard of living --- Comfort, Standard of --- Cost of living --- Food, Cost of --- Household expenses --- Living, Cost of --- Living, Standard of --- Standard of living --- Consumption (Economics) --- Home economics --- Households --- Quality of life --- Wealth --- Luxury --- Prices --- Purchasing power --- Wages --- Birthweight --- Weight at birth --- Birth size --- Body weight --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- Demografie en economische interrelaties: algemeen --- Nataliteit --- Economic conditions --- Case studies. --- Economic aspects --- Surveys --- Europe --- Case studies --- North America --- Women - Europe - Economic conditions - Case studies. --- Women - North America - Economic conditions - Case studies. --- Birth weight - Economic aspects - Europe - Case studies. --- Birth weight - Economic aspects - North America - Case studies. --- Cost and standard of living - Europe - Case studies. --- Cost and standard of living - North America - Case studies. --- Economic aspects&delete& --- Economic conditions&delete&
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